For much of the first three centuries, Christianity was in a state of simply “fighting for survival.” From 64 AD until the early part of the 4th century, there were 10 major waves of persecution in the Roman Empire that varied in intensity. Christians faced ridicule, confiscation of personal and church property, and the loss of civil rights. Christians in high places of government or society lost their special privileges. Some were sent to work in mines or labor camps. Others, including important bishops, were exiled out of the Empire. At times the Emperor gave out empire-wide edicts that forced everyone to perform sacrifices to the traditional, Roman gods. Those that did not have proof of complying were imprisoned, tortured, burnt to death, or crucified.
Pagans had a number of criticisms, some based only on rumors. Christians were accused of atheism because they would not worship or perform sacrifices to the traditional, Roman gods. This was not only seen as antisocial behavior when they did not participate in the public festivals, but it was also unpatriotic since the gods were thought to protect and bless the Empire. There were rumors of strange rituals done in secret meetings. Were they cannibals that ritually ate human flesh and drank blood? Were they having incestual orgies when they talked about holding “love feasts” with their brothers and sisters? Pagan philosophers and intellectuals also saw that Christianity appealed to those in lower classes, the immoral, and simple-minded. Christians were worshipping a convicted criminal. They also embraced foolish ideas and stories, like the idea of resurrection when the philosophies of their day were emphasizing escaping from the natural world. It was also inconceivable that a god would ever want to take on a lesser, human form only to die.
In the face of criticism and intense persecution, many Christians stood firm in the faith. The Apologists articulated reasoned defenses and arguments, appealing to the Emperors, intellectuals, and the general public. From bishops to common laypersons, thousands of believers were martyred. Those that were left encouraged each other to keep the faith in Jesus Christ. In fact, many of the martyrs were celebrated as shining examples of imitators of Christ. As a result, the Roman persecution had an overall impact of strengthening the faith of believers and causing Christianity to spread and increase in number.
Pagans had a number of criticisms, some based only on rumors. Christians were accused of atheism because they would not worship or perform sacrifices to the traditional, Roman gods. This was not only seen as antisocial behavior when they did not participate in the public festivals, but it was also unpatriotic since the gods were thought to protect and bless the Empire. There were rumors of strange rituals done in secret meetings. Were they cannibals that ritually ate human flesh and drank blood? Were they having incestual orgies when they talked about holding “love feasts” with their brothers and sisters? Pagan philosophers and intellectuals also saw that Christianity appealed to those in lower classes, the immoral, and simple-minded. Christians were worshipping a convicted criminal. They also embraced foolish ideas and stories, like the idea of resurrection when the philosophies of their day were emphasizing escaping from the natural world. It was also inconceivable that a god would ever want to take on a lesser, human form only to die.
In the face of criticism and intense persecution, many Christians stood firm in the faith. The Apologists articulated reasoned defenses and arguments, appealing to the Emperors, intellectuals, and the general public. From bishops to common laypersons, thousands of believers were martyred. Those that were left encouraged each other to keep the faith in Jesus Christ. In fact, many of the martyrs were celebrated as shining examples of imitators of Christ. As a result, the Roman persecution had an overall impact of strengthening the faith of believers and causing Christianity to spread and increase in number.
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